If only they wanted it. He encouraged independence and self-sufficiency. Conditions Governing Use Young himself condemned the counterfeiting. [14], By the time Young moved to Mendon in 1828, he had effectively left the Reformed Methodist church and become a Christian seeker, unconvinced that he had found a church possessing the true authority of Jesus Christ. 27 on the list. [56][57], In 1844, Young travelled east again to solicit votes for Joseph Smith in his presidential campaign. [103] Young said, "I hope to see an Academy established in Provo at which the children of the Latter-day Saints can receive a good education unmixed with the pernicious atheistic influences that are found in so many of the higher schools of the country. After the massacre, Young stated in public forums that God had taken vengeance on the BakerFancher party. "[155], At the time of his death, Young was the wealthiest man in Utah, with an estimated personal fortune of $600,000 (equivalent to $15,300,000 in 2021).[153]. "Two missionaries of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, serving in the Colombia Cali mission were the victims of a robbery and assault. Young is the longest-serving president of the LDS Church to date, having served for 29 years. Carter. There was even a petition created asking for Brigham Young . The incident occurred late Saturday afternoon at . [10] After delivering the letter to Young, Haslam was told to rest for a few hours then return to pick up the reply. [107], Young also organized a committee to refine the Deseret alphabeta phonetic alphabet which had been developed sometime between 1847 and 1854. The seed of Canaan cannot hold any office, civil or ecclesiastical. Alan Willson ran from his home in Worthing, West Sussex, after his son called him to say he was being attacked. [46] Eight of Young's plural marriages in Nauvoo were to Joseph Smith's widows. Byron Morrow played Young in a cameo appearance in the Death Valley Days 1966 episode "An Organ for Brother Brigham". [129], Throughout his time as prophet, Young went to great lengths to deny the assumption that he was the author of the practice of priesthood denial to black men, asserting instead that the Lord was. In his will, Young shared his estate with the sixteen surviving wives who had lived with him; the six surviving non-conjugal wives were not mentioned in the will. An estimated 5,000 members were endowed between December 10, 1845 and February 1846. In June 1844 while Young was away, Joseph Smith was killed by an armed mob who stormed the jail where he was awaiting trial for the charge of treason. He credited Young's leadership with helping to settle much of the American West:[161]. Brigham Young University. In the story line, the Tugwell family, Jason (Ben Cooper), Ellie (Emily Banks), and Mary (Erin Moran), are abandoned by their guide while on a wagon train from Utah to California. Young petitioned the U.S. Congress to create the State of Deseret. Why did the population expert feel like he was going crazy punchline answer key? Young believed that Lee's punishment was just but not a sufficient blood atonement, given the enormity of the crime, to allow Lee entrance into the celestial kingdom. Of the 23 who survived him, 17 received a share of his estate while the remaining 6 apparently had non conjugal roles. A bronze marker was placed at the grave site June 10, 1938, by members of the Young Men and Young Women organizations, which he founded. With its claim to show the true inner workings of one of the biggest and most famous polygamous households of all, "Wife No. [58][59] Several claimants to the role of church president emerged during the succession crisis that ensued. 1940 Creator. Young had a somewhat mixed view of slavery which historian John G. Turner called a "bundle of contradictions". As a church leader, Brigham Young stood in marked contrast to his predecessor, the charismatic, idealistic, and theologically innovative Joseph Smith. Upon joining the Methodists, he insisted on being baptized by immersion rather than by their normal practice of sprinkling. With Tyrone Power, Linda Darnell, Dean Jagger, Brian Donlevy. [174], Young was a polygamist, having at least fifty-six wives. The practice of plural marriage brought first heavy persecution and then legislation against the Saints. Under his direction, the Mormons built roads and bridges, forts, irrigation projects; established public welfare; organized a militia; issued a "selective extermination" order against male Timpanogos[88] and after a series of wars eventually made peace with the Native Americans. [167][168][169] There is also evidence to suggest Young believed in the racial superiority of white men. "John D. Lee Arrested". He was initially skeptical on whether or not the school's administration would allow the speech but received a message of encouragement from the administrator who reviewed his speech, telling him it was great and to . [26] His third child and first son, Joseph A. [118], Young also taught the doctrine of blood atonement, in which the atonement of Jesus cannot redeem an eternal sin, which included apostasy, theft, fornication (but not sodomy), or adultery. When asked to comment on the story, which had, "provoked the animosity of the Mormon faithful", Doyle noted, "all I said about the Danite Band and the murders is historical so I cannot withdraw that though it is likely that in a work of fiction it is stated more luridly than in a work of history." John Lyon: the life of a pioneer poet. [42] Young proposed marriage to Martha Brotherton, who was seventeen years old at the time and had recently immigrated from Manchester, England. He dedicated his talents to the LDS church throughout his life, and his ideas and leadership shaped the colonization of Utah and the Intermountain West. [31][32] In August 1835, Young and the rest of the Quorum of the Twelve issued a testimony in support of the divine origin of the Doctrine and Covenants. Klingensmith escaped prosecution by agreeing to testify against the others. [149] It is believed that he died of peritonitis from a ruptured appendix. According to Young, he was taught by Smith that Adam is "our Father and our God, and the only God with whom we have to do". [15] Sometime in 1830, Young was introduced to the Book of Mormon by way of a copy that his brother, Phineas Howe, had obtained from Samuel H. Smith. [23] Young continued to preach in eastern Canada in the spring, and accompanied two Canadian converts to Kirtland in July 1833. [81], After three years of leading the church as the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, Young reorganized a new First Presidency and was sustained as the second president of the church on December 27, 1847 at Winter Quarters. Brigham Young at Home is a valuable addition to the history of the home life of pioneer days. [106] The Young Women organization was first called the Retrenchment Association, and was intended to promote the turning of young girls away from the costly and extravagant ways of the world. [146] Young's letter reportedly arrived on September 13, 1857, two days after the massacre. At the north end of the Beehive House was a family store, at which Young's wives and children had running accounts and could buy what they needed. Conditions Governing Access. The U.S. posted bounties of $500 each for the capture of Haight, Higbee, and Stewart, and prosecutors chose not to pursue their cases against Dame, Willden, and Adair. He was the ninth of eleven children, growing up in an unsettled frontier environment characterized by frequent family moves to various communities throughout upstate New York. Young achieved greatest success in real estate. [175], Of Young's fifty-six wives, twenty-one had never been married before; seventeen were widows; six were divorced; six had living husbands and the marital status of six others is unknown. [140], Shortly after the arrival of Young's pioneers, the new Latter-day Saint colonies were incorporated into the United States through the Mexican Cession. He joined the Masons in Nauvoo on April 7, 1842, and participated in an early endowment ritual led by Joseph Smith that May and became part of the Anointed Quorum. The day will come when the seed of Canaan will be redeemed and have all the blessings their brethren enjoy. [177] There were fifty-six women who Young was sealed to during his lifetime. Read a news summary of this talk. Just four days after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, Young designated the location for the Salt Lake Temple; he presided over its groundbreaking years later on April 6, 1853. Under his leadership, members in the United Kingdom began publishing Millennial Star, a hymnal, and a new edition of the Book of Mormon. [8] This letter has yet to be found,[9] but accounts say that it asked Young what, if anything, should be done with the BakerFancher party camped at nearby Mountain Meadows. [150] On September 2, 1877, Young's funeral was held in the Tabernacle with an estimated 12,000 to 15,000 people in attendance. Ronald K. Esplin, a Young biographer and president of the Brigham Young Center Foundation, points to the leader's remarks suggesting he may have had some kind of divine communication on that matter. The trailer hinted through his clenched fist and extreme headshot that they will resurface again. Open for public research. They converted to the church, including his cousin Willard Richards. While the majority of the sealings were "for eternity", some were "for time only," meaning that Young was sealed to these women as a proxy for their previous husbands who had passed away. In 1857, at the time of the Mountain Meadows Massacre, Brigham Young, was serving as President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and as Governor of Utah Territory. 45-year-old Professor Michael James Clay has been charged with two counts of the second-degree felony of forcible sexual abuse for what he allegedly did to the Brigham Young coed in his charge. During the period just before the massacre, known as the Mormon Reformation, Mormon teachings were dramatic and strident. [24] In May 1834, Young became a member of Zion's Camp, and traveled to Missouri and returned to Kirtland with members of the camp in August. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. After the exterior was completed on December 10, 1845, members received their temple endowments day and night, and Young officiated many of these sessions. "[13], Historians debate whether the Haight letter absolves Young of any complicity. "[20], When Young sent his report on the massacre to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs in 1858, he said that it was the work of Native Americans.[21]. [53] On November 22, 1843, Young and his wife Mary Ann received the second anointing, a ritual that assured them that their salvation and exaltation would occur. [25] After his return to Kirtland, Young did carpentry, painting and glazing work to earn money. Brigham Young and the Mountain Meadows Massacre, Young's belated message to Isaac C. Haight, acting commander of the Iron County Brigade. Never a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. [114], One of the more controversial teachings of Young during the Mormon Reformation was the AdamGod doctrine. Young knew her father, Isaac Decker, in New York. [87] During his time as governor, Young directed the establishment of settlements throughout present-day Utah, Idaho, Arizona, Nevada, California and parts of southern Colorado and northern Mexico. 19" was nothing short of a bombshell. Through most of the nineteenth century, the American West was considered the land of opportunity. [27][28], At a conference on February 14, 1835, Brigham Young was named and ordained a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. However, Young later testified that he cut Lee off when he started to describe the massacre because he could not bear to hear the details. Young established a gold mint in 1849 and called for the minting of coins using gold dust which had been accumulated from travelers during the Gold Rush. He was the ninth child of John Young and Abigail "Nabby" Howe. [52] Young travelled east with Wilford Woodruff and George A. Smith from July to October 1843 on a mission to raise funds for the Nauvoo temple and its guesthouse. Though he himself was hundreds of miles away, the literal hour struck for Brigham Young at Carthage Jail precisely at "5 o'clock, 16 minutes, and 26 seconds" on the afternoon of June 27, 1844. Lucy was still married to William Seeley when Young married her. "In regard to emigrating trains arriving and passing through our settlements," he wrote in a letter designed to restore calm in Southern Utah, "We must not interfere with them." BYU, which is owned by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, forbids sexual activity among members of the student body, much less between a . Later, as Young is generally understood to have taught, Adam returned to the earth to become the biological father of Jesus. Brigham Young: Directed by Henry Hathaway. For two years, the monument stood as a memorial to those travelling the Spanish Trail through Mountain Meadow. Provo, Utah CNN . the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, priesthood on men of black African descent, issued a "selective extermination" order against male Timpanogos, vast arid West between the Rockies and the Sierra Nevada, List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States, "Brigham Young Biography: Facts of Faith", "Brigham Young (18011877) | FamilySearch", 10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0801714, "The Religious and Family Background of Brigham Young", "Setting the Record Straight: Brigham Young's Baptism Date", "The Mantle of the Prophet Joseph Passes to Brother Brigham: One Hundred Twenty-nine Testimonies of a Collective Spiritual Witness", "The Making of a Mormon Myth: The 1844 Transfiguration of Brigham Young", "Utah's new capitol grows from humble beginning; first political sessions were held in council house; fight for statehood", "Open Hand and Mailed Fist: MormonIndian Relations in Utah, 184752", "Looking back at 'Mormon Gold' coins, other historical Utah currencies", "The Beginnings of the University of Utah", "Brigham Young: We Must Believe in Slavery (23 January 1852)", "Education among the Mormons: Brigham Young and the Schools of Utah", "History of the Ladies' Mutual Improvement Association of the Church of Jesus Christ of L.D.S., from November 1869 to June 1910, page 93", "Vol.1, Ch.4: Brigham Young: The Father of Mormon Polygamy", "The People of God Disciplined By TrialsAtonement By the Shedding of BloodOur Heavenly FatherA Privilege Given to All the Married Sisters in Utah", "The Orson PrattBrigham Young Controversies: Conflict Within the Quorums, 1853 to 1868", "Jehovah as the Father: The Development of the Mormon Jehovah Doctrine", "Mormonism and Capital Punishment: A Doctoral Perspective, Past and Present", Comprehensive History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, "Letter from Bruce R. McConkie to Thomas B. McAffee", https://www.deseret.com/2010/6/18/20122138/mormon-church-statement-on-blood-atonement, "Chapter 3: Mormonism's Negro Doctrine: An Historical Overview", "Brigham Young against a then-fashionable scientific form of racism", "Brigham Young and Priesthood Denial to the Blacks: An Alternate View", "The Mormon Church Disavows Its Racist Past But Still Offers No Apology", "The Mormon Reformation of 1856-1857: The Rhetoric and the Reality", "The causes of the Mormon reformation of 1856-57", "Mormonism and Capital Punishment: A Doctrinal Perspective, Past and Present", "Reopening a Mormon Murder Mystery; New Accusations That Brigham Young Himself Ordered an 1857 Massacre of Pioneers", Brigham Young to Isaac C. Haight, September 10, 1857, "Art: Sculpture Statues: Brigham Young", "The Possessive Investment in Rightness: White Supremacy and the Mormon Movement", "People & Events Polygamy and the Church: A History", "Descendants of Brigham Young to Hold Annual Mass Meetings", "Brigham Young's descendants give rocking chair to Mormon church", "Mahonri Young | Smithsonian American Art Museum", "From Sherlock Holmes to Godzilla: The Mormon Image in Comics", "The Necessity of the Saints Living up to the Light Which Has Been Given Them", The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints titles, Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies, Presidents of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brigham_Young&oldid=1142007408, American general authorities (LDS Church), American Mormon missionaries in the United Kingdom, Recipients of American presidential pardons, Presidents of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church), Apostles of the Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints), Burials at the Mormon Pioneer Memorial Monument, Latter Day Saint biography Infobox with missing parameters, Pages using infobox Latter Day Saint biography with unsupported parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021, Harold B. Lee Library-related 19th century articles, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Initial organization of Quorum of the Twelve, This page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 01:13. [110], Though polygamy was practiced by Young's predecessor, Joseph Smith,[111] the practice is often associated with Young. [12] In 1828, the family moved briefly to Oswego, New York on the shore of Lake Ontario, and in 1828 to Mendon, New York. She has been placed on indefinite suspension for her actions, which include punching another . [182] Some of Young's descendants have become leaders in the LDS Church, as well as prominent political and cultural figures. Lee was arrested on November 7, 1874. "[113] Young believed that sexual desire was given by God to ensure the perpetuation of humankind, and believed sex should be confined to marriage. That is, they may be the new faces of conservatism in the West. He was later joined by his family and by other members of the church in Missouri. At its prime, the alphabet was used in two Deseret News articles, two elementary readers, and in a translation of the Book of Mormon. [194] He encounters Joseph Smith and attempts to ambush his party of Mormons, but, rather than engaging with "the Clitoris Man", Smith shows mercy, rubbing one of the frogs that God has given him to have sex with to cure his AIDS on Young's face, curing his AIDS, and so moving him that he decides to convert to the faith. Mormon historian Juanita Brooks believes that the letter demonstrates that Young "did not order the massacre, and would have prevented it if he could. [141], When federal officials received reports of widespread and systematic obstruction of federal officials in Utah (most notably judges), U.S. President James Buchanan decided in early 1857 to install a non-Mormon governor. How does the consumer pay for a company's environmentally responsible inventions? In 1849, Young arranged for a printing press to be brought to the Salt Lake Valley, which was later used to print the Deseret News periodical. He also helped organize the local forensic and oratorical society. Phineas Young was a printer; building contractor; and Mormon bishop, missionary, and pioneer. There he showed a talent for organizing the church's work and maintaining good relationships with Joseph Smith and the other apostles. Young had many nicknames during his lifetime, among the most popular being "American Moses"[156] (alternatively, "Modern Moses" or "Mormon Moses"),[157][158] because, like the biblical figure, Young led his followers, the Mormon pioneers, in an exodus through a desert, to what they saw as a promised land. The young couple with their empathy-based conservatism are well-positioned to spend another six years in the state's capital. [8] Young reported having a strict Puritan-style Christian upbringing. TAMPA, Fla. Acting as his own lawyer, a double-murder defendant opened his death penalty trial by shouting at jurors that he did not attack his girlfriend and disabled daughter. [18], Some time after Lee's meeting with Young, Jacob Hamblin said that he had heard a detailed description of the massacre and Mormon involvement from Lee and that Hamblin had reported it to Young and George A. Smith soon after the massacre. [121] The LDS Church has formally repudiated the doctrine as early as 1889,[122] and multiple times since the days of Young. Memorials to Young include a bronze statue in front of the Abraham O. Smoot Administration Building, Brigham Young University; a marble statue in the National Statuary Hall Collection at the United States Capitol, donated by the State of Utah in 1950;[162] and a statue atop the This is the Place Monument in Salt Lake City. He averred that Chinese and Japanese immigrants would need to be governed by white men as they would have no understanding of government. Brigham Young University student Matt Easton came out as gay during his convocation speech on April 26, 2019. Young, Brigham Born June 1, 1801 Whitingham, Vermont Died August 29, 1877 Salt Lake City, Utah Religious leader Mormon leader Brigham Young led his followers on a trek across the American plains to the Great Salt Lake Valley in present-day Utah. As part of Young's vision of a pre-millennial "Kingdom of God," Young established colonies along the California and Old Spanish Trails, where Mormon officials governed as leaders of church, state, and military. should serve the seed of Abraham; he should not be a ruler, nor vote for men to rule over me nor my brethren. The family moved to Vermont shortly before Brigham Young was born. Wagonmaster Luke Winner (Morgan Woodward) feels compelled to leave the instrument behind until Ridges finds solid rock under the sand. A teacher walks into the Classroom and says If only Yesterday was Tomorrow Today would have been a Saturday Which Day did the Teacher make this Statement? [101] Young viewed education as a process of learning how to make the Kingdom of God a reality on earth, and at the core of his "philosophy of education" was the belief that the church had within itself all that was necessary to save mankind materially, spiritually, and intellectually. Young's leadership style has been viewed as autocratic. As governor and church president, Young directed both religious and economic matters. [5] Young received little formal education, but his mother taught him how to read and write. [19] In April 1832, a branch of the church was organized in Mendon; eight of the fifteen families were Youngs. "Territorial Dispatches: the Sentence of Lee", Brigham Young and the Mountain Meadows massacre, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Mountain Meadows massacre and Mormon theology, "Brigham Young, 2nd President of the Church", "Deposition of Brigham Young Regarding the Mountain Meadows Massacre July 30, 1875", Tragedy at Mountain Meadows Massacre: Toward a Consensus Account and Time Line, Blood of the Prophets: Brigham Young and the Massacre at Mountain Meadows, "Loose in the stacks, a half-century with the Utah War and its legacy", "The Mountain Meadows Massacre: An Analytical Narrative Based on Participant Confessions", "Visit of the Superintendent of Indian Affairs to Southern Utah", "Horrible Massacre of Arkansas and Missouri Emigrants", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brigham_Young_and_the_Mountain_Meadows_Massacre&oldid=1124726578, Books about presidents of the church (LDS Church), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 30 November 2022, at 05:21. [36] He then returned to Kirtland where he remained until dissenters, unhappy with the failure of the Kirtland Safety Society, forced him to flee the community in December 1837. Researchers compared young heart attack victims (<50 years vs. 40) using patient angiograms, a procedure that uses X-rays to see the heart's blood vessels and arteries. [51] While in Nauvoo, he married Clarissa Decker, Clarissa Ross, Emily Dow Partidge, Louisa Beaman, Margaret Maria Alley, Emmeline Free, Margaret Piece, and Zina Diantha Huntington. Marisa Tafoya Media. [123][124][125], Young is generally considered to have instituted a church ban against conferring the priesthood on men of black African descent, who had generally been treated equally to white men in this respect under Smith's presidency. Brotherton signed an affidavit saying that she had been locked in Smith's office for two days while Young and others tried to convince her to accept polygamy. Source: Jeffery Ogden Johnson, "Determining and Defining `Wife': The . He was the second president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), from 1847 until his death in 1877. This blog does not store any files on its server. [175], Sources have varied on the number of Young's wives, as well as their ages. Brigham Young was born on June 1, 1801, in Whitingham, Vermont, to John and Abigail Young. [177], In 1902, 25 years after his death, The New York Times established that Young's direct descendants numbered more than 1,000. The proclamation is very clear: . [3] Young's use of inflammatory and violent language[4] in response to a federal expedition to the territory (known as the Utah War) added to the tense atmosphere at the time of the attack. It was only after the fact, and after the end of the Civil War, that Young slowly realized just how mistaken his hope in a sudden Millennium was: the perpetrators of the MMM were being sought by the Federal courts. During the 1870s Lee,[22] Dame, Philip Klingensmith, Ellott Willden, and George Adair, Jr. were indicted and arrested; warrants were obtained to pursue the arrests of four others (Haight, John Higbee, William C. Stewart, and Samuel Jukes) who had successfully gone into hiding. 57-70 He refused to sign a temperance pledge, however, stating that "if I sign the temperance pledge I feel that I am bound, and I wish to do just right, without being bound to do it; I want my liberty. Only at the end, did Brigham Young sacrifice John D. Lee, when it became obvious that the Nation would have justice for the atrocity. [11] After his rest, Haslam picked up the reply from Young and was instructed to return to Cedar City with the letter quickly and not to "spare horseflesh."[11]. The majority of Young's teachings are contained in the 19 volumes of transcribed and edited sermons in the Journal of Discourses. The young woman to become his wife was Sarah Hillhouse Alexander, daughter of Adam Leopold Alex ander, of Washington, Georgia and of Sarah Hillhouse Gilbert, his wife. [40][41] Young also served in various leadership and community organization roles among church members in Nauvoo. His cousin Willard Richards and oratorical society her father, Isaac Decker, in New York cultural... Did carpentry, painting and glazing work to earn money the spring, and accompanied two Canadian converts to in. Reportedly arrived on September 13, 1857, two days after the.. View of slavery which historian John G. Turner called a `` bundle of contradictions '' blog. His cousin Willard Richards of peritonitis from a ruptured appendix he averred that Chinese and Japanese immigrants would to... Organizing the church, including his cousin Willard Richards east again to solicit votes for Joseph Smith in presidential. 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