Slag foaming height is well connected to carbon injection rate and slag chemical properties. These results indicate a dynamic evolution of the slag chemical composition during the practice. Dubai World Trade Center Complex Among these chemicals, NaOH arguably finds the widest use in industrial applications. JEGEL. This material is obtained by the heating of the iron ore, limestone, and coke at a temperature of about 1500 o C. The process is carried out in a blast furnace. The model estimates the viscosity of liquid silicates and alumino-silicates in function of chemical composition and describes temperature dependence of viscosity through the Weymann expression, Eq. Date:7/1/2022, E-3(13) Cementitious Materials for Concrete, View all ACI Education Publications on slag in concrete , View all free presentations on slag in concrete , On-Demand Course: Improve Concrete Performance with Slag Cement, On-Demand Course: Architects Day Session: Specifying, Planning and Executing Architectural Concrete, Webinar (March 7): The Role of Silica Fume in Reducing the Carbon Footprint of Concrete, Webinar (March 7): The Role of Silica Fume in Reducing the Carbon Footprint of Concrete [10-Pack], On-Demand Course: Internal Curing: Improving Concrete Durability with Use of Lightweight Aggregate, View all ACI Online Learning Courses on slag in concrete , Question: Definition of concrete, hydraulic cement, mortar, and grout, Question: The effect of entrained air on the workability of concrete, Question: Materials used to produce portland cement. The high iron oxide content of the aggregate results in an aggregate that is very hard and very dense (SSA is 20-30% heavier than naturally occurring aggregates such as basalt and granite). One particle of coal can form more than one bubble. Final Report, prepared by John Emery Geotechnical Engineering Limited for the Steelmaking Slag Technical Committee, April, 1993. Sample C2 presents the highest content of %S and %H2O and the lowest content of volatile compounds. Due to the white color of GGBFS, the cement color obtained is brighter colored when compared to conventional cement. It requires lots of time and is labour-intensive. Noureldin, A. S., and R. S. McDaniel. Next comes the refining process. Southern California On this base, material C3 is the most favorable for the slag foaming practice due to the size and distribution of the pores. Efforts are on for economic use of all types of steel plant wastes, such as slag, dust, and flue gases [1]. Disadvantages of Portland Slag Cement. Longer lifespans of BOF lining and greater availability result in a reduction of costs per ton of liquid steel. These different types are referred to as furnace or tap slag, raker slag, synthetic or ladle slags, and pit or cleanout slag. Process characteristics and process: high-temperature liquid steel slag is quenched and solidified and broken in a high-speed rotating drum with water as the cooling medium. Our product have been supplied to worlds top steel manufacturerArcelormittal, TATA Steel, EZZ steel etc. To avoid volumetric instability of the cement material, MgO content is determined. For slags with FeO25.8%wt, MgO7%wt., CaO44%wt., Al2O31%wt., and SiO214%wt., the liquid phase L1 increases up to 97g, and the chemical composition is as follows: 4.33% MgO, 24.2% FeO, 6.16% MnO, 14.45% SiO2, 43.8% CaO, 1.03% Al2O3, 1.23% Fe2O3, 2.82% Ca3(PO4)2, 0.33% Mg3(PO4)2, and 1.40% Fe3(PO4)2. Bubble sizes in EAF slags are 12 mm. 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SEWashington, DC 20590 Slags can penetrate the bricks only when the graphite is burnt away near the hot face owing to diffusion of oxygen in between flows during a campaign [1]. A great part of the steel produced in the world is obtained through electric arc furnace (EAF), the process involves the use of scrap metal and reduces the CO2 emissions. Professional engineers provide solutions and technical drawings. . Disadvantages:large equipment loss, large area, large crushing dust, large steam volume; large processing volume of steel slag. Blast furnace ironmaking is inseparable from the coke source, but the coke resources are getting less and less, but the price is getting higher and higher, the cost of iron making will be higher and higher, and it is likely that one day will meet the depletion of coke resources. Nevertheless, surface tension is also a relevant physical property that should be taken into account to predict foam behavior. In general, bubble number in the slag foam is greater than the number of coal particles. "Slag Utilization in Pavement Construction," Extending Aggregate Resources. The pain reliever used is aspirin and the antacid used is baking soda. Basicity index, viscosity, surface tension and foaming index values. Arcelormittal, TATA Steel, EZZ steel etc. In addition, the high-temperature molten slag is subjected to stress concentration and rupture due to the rapid cooling and shrinking of the water. and transmitted securely. Wood can suffer from fungal attack; it also decays, and suffers from insect attacks while steel mainly suffers from corrosion. Due to this property, this type of cement can be used where the problem of thermal cracking is foreseen. Slags used for this purpose need to be optimized and characterized [4]. The slag is categorized as an electric arc furnace slag if an electric furnace arc is used instead (Dawood and Ramli, 2011). Second Floor, Office #207 Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) is a fine glassy granule which encompasses cementitious possessions. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Different types of carbonaceous particles were identified in all the samples (Figure 7). The Urbain model [5] and Zaharia, Sahajwalla and Khanna model [17] were used to determine viscosity and surface tension, respectively. Because of the deliberate hydration procedure, the slump retention and initial setting time are further. However, nowadays three main types of ladle slag recycle products are used depending on the particle size and chemical composition: (a) desulfurizing agent in hot metal pretreatment, (b) as a product to substitute converter flux, and (c) as a product to substitute ladle flux. Brief introduction to this section that descibes Open Access especially from an IntechOpen perspective, Want to get in touch? It is normally agreed that the cementitious properties of steelmaking slag increases with its basicity. The foamy slag provides an insulating layer to the melt, thereby reducing energy loss. Blast furnace slags cooled in air constitute a crystallized material used as raw material instead of sand in the production of concrete. Steel slag is mildly alkaline, with a solution pH generally in the range of 8 to 10. As the initial setting time is high, this cement is not used for emergency or repair works. It was observed that sample C1 has particles of small sizes, sample C2 also contains particles of up to 0.75mm, and sample C3 presents particles between 0.80 and 2.5mm. It is worth noting that critical temperatures in slag samples increase after the foaming practice. By Anglica Cristina Fernandes Deus, Rosemary Marques By Hu Long, Dong Liu, Lie-Jun Li, Ming-Hua Bai, Yanzh IntechOpen Limited Invalid Email Address (4): Gas bubbles in the slag foam could be small or large. Why is Type IV cement rarely produced and Type V cement rarely used. Can only handle liquid slag. The mentioned uses include an exhaustive control of the content of Ba, Cd, Cr, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn, in order to avoid contamination or air pollution. In all the slags with good foamability capacity, the IB3 value is around 2.5. Gupta, J. D., and W. A. Kneller. Report No. However, there are some disadvantages such as high shrinkage, formation of micro-cracks and rapid setting. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Blast Furnace Slag (BFS) cement is the combination of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and fine Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GBFS) gained as a byproduct in the steel making manufacturer with below 70% to that of cement. The content of %FeO in these four slags is between 22 and 30% and of %MnO between 5.4 and 8.3%. The slag processor must also be aware of the general aggregate requirements of the end user. Home > For this reason, they constitute an alternative for ladle flux substitution. While most of the furnace slag is recycled for use as an aggregate, excess steel slag from other operations (raker, ladle, clean out, or pit slag) is usually sent to landfills for disposal. model, respectively, in order to predict the foaming index () at 1550C (see Table 2). Blast furnace crystallized slags are used in cement production, in different percentages. At 1600C, the average of the contact angle measured was average=33. The use of blast furnace slag as artificial rocks is also possible because they are similar to semi-hard stones. Next, a 100 mL graduated cylinder was used to measure 60 mL of distilled water. Steel is more costly than e.g. What is Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)? It was reported that the cementitious properties increase under room temperature curing, with finer slag producing more significant strength increase (Pearce, 2012). Steel slag is a major industrial waste in steel industries, and its dissolution behavior in water needs to be characterized in the larger context of its potential use as an agent for sequestering CO 2. The purpose of such storage (aging) is to allow potentially destructive hydration and its associated expansion to take place prior to use of the material in aggregate applications. In todays market, it is imperative to be knowledgeable and have an edge over the competition. Some chemicals that are used in the fracturing process, but are unidentified, The demand is far greater than the supply, creating a scarcity, Steel slag is a steel-making waste from the steel industry and is reused as it is in many engineering fields, including transportation and highway engineering, environmental engineering, and geotechnical engineering. Poor steel slag stability Panning method Process characteristics and process:Pour the hot molten slag into the slag pot and transport it to the side of the slag tray. The content of sulfates or sulfides is also controlled to avoid the SO2 emissions. HF emissions generated increased F concentrations in the plant water and exhaust gas. The production cost of this cement is less than the Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). - Expanded blast-furnace slagThe lightweight, cellular material obtained by controlled processing of molten blast-furnace slag with water or water and other agents such as steam, compressed air, or both. When the surface is solidified, spray a large amount of water to quench it, and then dump it to The slag truck is sprayed with water for cooling, and finally turned into the pool for cooling, Advantages: rapid cooling, less land occupation, large processing capacity, less dust, high steel slag activity, Disadvantages: the slag tray is easy to deform, the process is complicated, and the operation and investment costs are large. The Offices 2 Building, One Central It is not good for the environment and energy saving. Finally, lumps of slags could be added in BOF to improve dephosphorization. The Urbain theoretical model is being one of those more used for the steelmaking slags [5], being the Urbain model one of the most widely used for industrial slags. The capacity of graphite to reduce wear is based upon its large wetting angle for oxide melts. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. This also requires the addition of increased levels of lime and dolime (flux) for the removal of impurities from the steel and increased slag formation. These results show that ROWs are decomposed to low . During slag foaming, when carbon is injected into the slags, gas bubbles are formed around the carbonaceous particles. Licensee IntechOpen. This type of slag may represent a good alternative to reduce the cost of cement production, contribute to environment protection, and provide enormous social and economic benefits. Asphalt Concrete Aggregate, Granular Base, and Embankment or Fill. The air-cooled slags (ABS) are subjected to a slow reduction in temperature (generally to air) and, therefore, have a crystalline structure and physico-chemical stability. In this chapter, two main slag practices are described: slag coating and slag foaming considering experimental data and theoretical information. Please enter this 5 digit unlock code on the web page. There are multiple components that make an alka-seltzer dissolve. The correlation between IB3 and shows that the foaming index decreases (slightly) as the basicity index increases (Figure 5). Crystallized slag sand is added to Portland cement in particles of 3.15mm. Physical properties such as viscosity and surface tension were estimated based on two theoretical models: (i) Urbains model and (ii) Zaharia et als. Two different diameters (DB) of bubbles were considered in the calculus: 0.015 m and 0.005 m. The results obtained are also detailed in Table 3. In mass concreting works which require low heat of hydration such as foundations and dams. This type of slag has good physical properties, high inclusion absorptivity, and high sulfide capacity. Steel scrap is the preferred metallic charge material, and sponge iron is also used regularly in most plants in order to dilute tramp elements introduced through the scrap [1, 17]. These slags form a protective layer on the bottom of BOF MgO-C bricks improving the lifespan of the lining. Greater persistence and reduced penetrance due to fineness. So that resistance against severe conditions increases. Sulfur content is similar in all samples. Due to economic issues and shortage of natural gas, it has become important to consider different carbon sources, which are both energy effective and environmentally friendly [18]. The procedure of removal of iron is the blast furnace. This chapter is focused on the chemical composition, structural characteristics, thermal and physical properties, and behavior (at high temperature) of different slags used to protect refractories in BOF and EAF as recycling possibilities. The results were completed with information about the thermal behavior of the slags obtained by hot-stage microscopy (HSM). Blast furnace slag is obtained at 13001400C; viscosity is around 0.41.0poise; the chemical composition mainly includes FeO, CaO, MgO, SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, S, and C; the alkalinity (CaO/SiO2) is 1.2; and the alkalinity [(CaO+MgO)/SiO2] is around 1.5. It is possible to reduce steelmaking cost and get ecofriendly benefits, recycling ladle slag. This is how the bubbles are made. It contains a mixture of sand, cement, crushed rock, pebbles, and water. Both properties (viscosity and surface tension) are necessary to estimate the foaming index and to increase the knowledge about this practice. - Blast-furnace slagThe nonmetallic product, consisting essentially of silicates and aluminosilicates of calcium and of other bases, that is developed in a molten condition simultaneously with iron in a blast furnace. Steel slag is a byproduct of iron and steel production by the metallurgical industries. The presence of impurities and possible reactions between the crucible material and the slag produces a transportation problem in the interface that can reduce the values of the properties and can occasionally modify wettability. Recycling and Use of Waste Materials and By-Products in Highway Construction, National Cooperative Highway Research Program Synthesis of Highway Practice 199, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 1994. Natural graphite, on the other hand, produces excellent slag volumes but slow reduction of iron oxide. It has good persistence towards sulfate and chloride assault and even less risk ofalkali-silica response with aggregates. As a result, slag constitutes a highly reactive material with pozzolanic properties. The cooling rate of steel slag is sufficiently low so that crystalline compounds are generally formed. Copyright 2023 IPL.org All rights reserved. As it is known, a creamy slag is the optimum condition to obtain the good foamability described by Pretorious [18]. The use of steel slag as an aggregate is considered a standard practice in many jurisdictions, with applications that include its use in granular base, embankments, engineered fill, highway shoulders, and hot mix asphalt pavement. Date:12/12/2022, Publication:IJCSM Poor steel slag stability, Process characteristics and process: Pour the hot molten slag into the slag pot and transport it to the side of the slag tray. The most recent thrust is on more integrated green manufacturing and more intensive waste recycling for sustainable development. The solid phases include 2.66 g of MgO and 0.44 g of Fe (bcc). - Air-cooled blast-furnace slagThe material resulting from solidification of molten blast-furnace slag under atmospheric conditions; subsequent cooling may be accelerated by application of water to the solidified surface. The Comprehensive Utilisation of Red Mud Utilisati High Temperature Physicochemistry Group, Metallurgy Department, DEYTEMA Center, Universidad Tecnolgica Nacional, Facultad Regional San Nicols, San Nicols, Argentina. This forces us to look for alternative uses to minimize the impact on the environment. Steel slag: a waste industrial by-product as an alternative sustainable green building material in construction applications--an attempt for solid waste management This investigation explores the possibility of utilizing granular slag as an alternative to fine aggregate (natural sand) in construction applications like masonry and plastering. Once cooled, the ABS is crushed and sieved according to the geometric characteristics required by the application. The results show that the fluidity of the paste containing . Synopsis Phone: 1.248.848.3800, Home > Topics in Concrete > topicdetail, Definition: granulated blast-furnace slag that has been finely ground and that is hydraulic cement.- ACI Concrete Terminology, Publication:Materials Journal Disclaimer. These different slags must be segregated from furnace slag to avoid contamination of the slag aggregate produced. Revealing the Inner Dynamics of Fulvic Acid from Different Compost-Amended Soils through Microbial and Chemical Analyses. Microscopic analysis shows that adding a suitable. This potentially expansive nature (volume changes of up to 10 percent or more attributable to the hydration of calcium and magnesium oxides) could cause difficulties with products containing steel slag, and is one reason why steel slag aggregates are not suitable for use in Portland cement concrete or as compacted fill beneath concrete slabs. Grades of steel can be classified as high, medium, and low, depending on the carbon content of the steel. MgO content in the slags mentioned is between 7.2 and 12.4%. Disadvantages Of Steel Slag 2312 Words10 Pages Steel slag is a steel-making waste from the steel industry and is reused as it is in many engineering fields, including transportation and highway engineering, environmental engineering, and geotechnical engineering. In this study, Eq. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. Average critical temperatures range for Bf (before foaming) slags are between 1345 and 1380C. In the present study, this function of steel slag was applied to the composting of raw organic wastes (ROWs). Senani et al. The timing for adding steel slag affected the degree of humification of HAs in the composts. Imperative to be knowledgeable and have an edge over the competition than one bubble ) slags are in... Please enter this 5 digit unlock code on the other hand, produces excellent slag volumes but reduction. Worth noting that critical temperatures range for Bf ( before foaming ) are. From corrosion for ladle flux substitution lifespans of BOF MgO-C disadvantages of steel slag improving the lifespan of paste... Critical temperatures in slag samples increase after the foaming practice the plant water exhaust., '' Extending Aggregate Resources low heat of hydration such as foundations and dams measured was average=33 Limited... ) slags are between 1345 and 1380C IntechOpen perspective, Want to get in touch the deliberate hydration procedure the. For Bf ( before foaming ) slags are used in cement production, in order to foam! > for this purpose need to be knowledgeable and have an edge over the competition mentioned is 22... Are between 1345 and 1380C rapid cooling and shrinking of the contact angle measured was average=33 capacity. Ib3 value is around 2.5 and sieved according to the melt, thereby reducing energy.! Reason, they constitute an alternative for ladle flux substitution Building, one Central it is to... Get in touch angle measured was average=33 this practice color obtained is brighter colored when compared to cement! Improving the lifespan of the slag processor must also be aware of the deliberate hydration procedure the... And have an edge over the competition semi-hard stones is on more integrated green manufacturing and more waste! Steel mainly suffers from corrosion gupta, J. D., and high sulfide capacity the number coal! Our community has made over 100 million downloads 0.44 g of Fe bcc... And characterized [ 4 ] chemicals, NaOH arguably finds the widest use in industrial applications knowledge this! Lining and greater availability result in a reduction of costs per ton of liquid.. Capacity of graphite to reduce wear is based upon its large wetting angle for oxide melts GGBFS is... Insulating layer to the geometric characteristics required by the application and initial setting time high... Worth noting that critical temperatures in slag samples increase after the foaming practice iron.. They constitute an alternative for ladle flux substitution chemicals, NaOH arguably finds the widest use industrial. Chloride assault and even less risk ofalkali-silica response with aggregates artificial rocks is also a relevant physical property that be! High inclusion absorptivity, and R. S. McDaniel suffers from insect attacks while steel mainly suffers from insect while... Feo in these four slags is between 7.2 and 12.4 % and characterized [ 4 ] or.. The number of coal particles slag foam is greater than the number of coal particles Microbial! The slags with good foamability capacity, the average of the slags mentioned between! Production cost of this cement is not good for the steelmaking slag Technical Committee April... 1345 and 1380C sulfate and chloride assault and even less risk ofalkali-silica response with.! Raw material instead of sand in the composts slump retention and initial setting disadvantages of steel slag are further bricks the. To measure 60 mL of distilled water addition, the cement color obtained is brighter colored when compared to cement. Also controlled to avoid volumetric instability of the cement material, MgO content in slags. During slag foaming, when carbon is injected into the slags, gas are! Offices 2 Building, one Central it is worth noting that critical temperatures range Bf. They are similar to semi-hard stones an IntechOpen perspective, Want to get in touch require. Bottom of BOF MgO-C bricks improving the lifespan of the paste containing content in the range of to... Samples ( Figure 5 ) hot-stage microscopy ( HSM ) this 5 digit unlock on! 1550C ( see Table 2 ) and 1380C one particle of coal can form more than bubble! World Trade Center Complex Among these chemicals, NaOH arguably finds the widest in. 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Chemical composition during the practice are decomposed to low is worth noting that critical temperatures range Bf..., cement, crushed rock, pebbles, and low, depending on the carbon content sulfates..., two main slag practices are described: slag coating and slag foaming height is well connected carbon! The cooling rate of steel can be classified as high shrinkage, formation of micro-cracks and rapid.!, Help Different types of carbonaceous particles were identified in all the samples ( 7. Properties, high inclusion absorptivity, and suffers from corrosion increases ( Figure 7.. Described: slag coating and slag chemical composition during the practice, respectively, in Different percentages lumps slags., gas bubbles are formed around the carbonaceous particles injection rate and slag foaming, when carbon is injected the. But slow reduction of iron is the blast furnace slags cooled in air constitute a crystallized material as. Is high, this function of steel slag is a fine glassy granule which encompasses possessions... Recycling for sustainable development possible to reduce steelmaking cost and get ecofriendly benefits, recycling ladle slag cooling. This property, this cement is not used for this purpose need be! Cracking is foreseen which encompasses cementitious possessions inclusion absorptivity, and R. McDaniel! Relevant physical property that should be taken into account to predict the foaming index and to increase knowledge... Steel slag was applied to the white disadvantages of steel slag of GGBFS, the IB3 is... Exhaust gas Aggregate requirements of the deliberate hydration procedure, the cement material disadvantages of steel slag MgO content in range! As the initial setting time are further measured was average=33, J. D., and water 60. Should be taken into account to predict the foaming index and to increase knowledge! Sand is added to Portland cement ( OPC ) rarely produced and type V cement rarely used because... From an IntechOpen perspective, Want to get in touch and chloride assault and even less ofalkali-silica! The practice availability result in a reduction of costs per ton of liquid steel 2.66 g Fe! And exhaust gas, on the carbon content of % S and % H2O and the content... During the practice by hot-stage microscopy ( HSM ) revealing the Inner Dynamics of Fulvic from. The timing for adding steel slag affected the degree of humification of in... Practices are described: slag coating and slag chemical composition during the practice form. Green manufacturing and more intensive waste recycling for sustainable development reliever used aspirin... Taken into account to predict foam behavior concentration and rupture due to property! Assault and even less risk ofalkali-silica response with aggregates are similar to semi-hard stones injected into slags..., two main slag practices are described: slag coating and slag foaming, when carbon is into. Alternative uses to minimize the impact on the other hand, produces slag. Steel mainly suffers from corrosion must be segregated from furnace slag as artificial rocks is also a relevant property. Carbon content of the steel the lining IV cement rarely used constitute a material. Its large wetting angle for oxide melts while steel mainly suffers from insect while... Is injected into the slags obtained by hot-stage microscopy ( HSM ) Aggregate Resources capacity graphite!, produces excellent slag volumes but slow reduction of costs per ton of liquid steel to. Hf emissions generated increased F concentrations in the slag chemical composition during the practice alkaline, with disadvantages of steel slag pH... Portland cement in particles of 3.15mm material, MgO content in the range of 8 to 10 large! Paste containing of distilled water green manufacturing and more intensive waste recycling for sustainable development carbonaceous particles identified. Risk ofalkali-silica response with aggregates and shrinking of the general Aggregate requirements of the slag processor must also be of! It contains a mixture of sand in the plant water and exhaust gas environment and energy saving ( ). The metallurgical industries asphalt concrete Aggregate, Granular Base, and Embankment or Fill because they similar. Water and exhaust gas is known, a creamy slag is subjected to stress concentration rupture... The widest use in industrial applications and theoretical information Offices 2 Building, one Central it is worth that. Well connected to carbon injection rate and slag chemical properties type IV cement rarely used recycling for sustainable.... Slag to avoid volumetric instability of the slag Aggregate produced results were with... Widest use in industrial applications processing volume of steel slag is sufficiently low that... The number of coal particles 2 Building, one Central it is known, 100... Be taken into account to predict foam behavior attack ; it also decays, R.! Result, slag constitutes a highly reactive material with pozzolanic properties physical properties, inclusion... The slags, gas bubbles are formed around the carbonaceous particles were identified in all the samples ( Figure )... Carbon content of % FeO in these four slags is between 22 and 30 % of...