39 This finding holds even if we use a binary measure of Indian American concentration, using a cut-off of two percent of a countrys population; drop outlier counties with unusually high concentrations of Indian Americans; control for the total number of households in a county; and control for a respondents place of birth. During the same period, the overall U.S. workforce grew, as did the number of U.S.-born workers and lawful immigrant workers. Overall, the Obama administration deported about 3 million immigrants between 2009 and 2016, a significantly higher number than the 2 million immigrants deported by the Bush administration between 2001 and 2008. However, non-citizens and foreign-born citizens report nonparticipation at roughly twice the rate of U.S.-born citizens: 47 and 41 percent, respectively, compared to 22 percent of U.S.-born citizens. Each year, more than 1 million immigrants enter the country. While the majority are immigrants, a rising share is born and raised in the United States. where they are the largest immigrant group. There is some evidence to suggest that there are vintage effects: the longer a respondent has spent in the United States, the less emphasis they place on their Indian identityperhaps a reflection of their gradual integration into their adopted homeland. In fiscal 2019, a total of 30,000 refugees were resettled in the U.S. As the profile of the Indian American community has grown, so too has its economic, political, and social influence. What is also striking is how relatively small the differences are between respondents who identify with a caste versus those who do not. In cases where the respondent identifies with multiple states, both states are counted as a home state. Another 6 percent were born in either Bangladesh or Pakistan. Brazil 16,746. Diwali and Holi are largely celebrated by Hindus, while very few non-Muslims commemorate Eid. The major findings are briefly summarized below. Several states have Canada as a major source of immigrants. Just 12 percent report that hardly any or none of their friends share the respondents religion. Both U.S.- and foreign-born Indian Americans report significant discrimination based on skin color35 percent and 27 percent, respectively. Jonathan Kay is a James C. Gaither junior fellow in the South Asia Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Third, Christians are much more likely to report that hardly any or none of their Indian friends share their religion. All the analyses in this study employ sampling weights to ensure representativeness.15. 43 The survey asks respondents how comfortable they would be having close friends from various backgrounds. Cuba 16,367. It is worth pointing out that nearly one-third (32 percent) of respondents report not engaging in any of the civic or political activities listed on the survey. . Among those immigrant populations, countries of origin also vary widely. The smaller the size of a given group, the fewer opportunities individuals have of meeting someone from their same group. By clicking Sign up, you agree to receive marketing emails from Insider Immigration will continue to shape our communities for generations to come. By contrast, more than half (57%) of immigrants who have lived in the U.S. for 20 years or more are proficient English speakers. Jonathan Kay is a nonresident research assistant in the Carnegie South Asia Program. There are a host of plausible reasons why U.S.-born Indian Americans might report greater discrimination, including differences in social norms, greater awareness of discriminatory practices, or less fear of retaliation.48. While immigration has been at the forefront of a national political debate, the U.S. public holds a range of views about immigrants living in the country. When it comes to online discussions of politics, 28 percent of U.S.-born citizens posted comments about political issues on an online forum, compared to 18 percent of foreign-born citizens and 14 percent of non-citizens. Send a Message. The low rate of political giving for non-citizens is expected given that non-citizens are forbidden from making political donations unless they are permanent residents (that is, they possess a green card). Many respondents are between the ages of eighteen and twenty-five and, thus, are plausibly in the middle of their educational training. It appears that respondents social networks are more homogenous in terms of religion than either region or caste. Roughly one-fifth lived in the Northeast (21%) and 11% were in the Midwest. Only 43 percent of IAAS respondents believe that Indian American is the term that best captures their background. On the matter of campaign finance, one-fifth of U.S.-born citizens report contributing to a political campaign, while just 13 percent of foreign citizens and 5 percent of non-citizens said they did so. Not surprisingly, of the non-U.S. citizen population, 88 percent of IAAS respondents claim Indian citizenship. The decline in the unauthorized immigrant population is due largely to a fall in the number from Mexico the single largest group of unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. . Fewer than one in ten respondents (9 percent) do not participate in any of these seven holidays. However, duration of stay remains significant. Although Indian Americans born in the United States assess Indias present trajectory more critically than those born outside of the United Statesa finding the February 2021 IAAS study established 51the latter are somewhat more likely to blame religion (62 percent versus 55 percent) as well as political leadership (61 percent versus 48 percent). The states with the largest immigrant populations are California, New York, Florida, and Texas. Nearly one in five (19 percent) identify this way, compared to 10 percent of Muslims and only 6 percent of Hindus. Finally, Christians are more likely to self-identify as American without any hyphenation (9 percent versus 6 percent for Muslim and 4 percent for Hindus). Indianof descentAmericans are taking over the country: you, my vice president [Kamala Harris, whose mother was born in India], my speechwriter, Vinay [Indian American Vinay Reddy]. Indian Americans in this latter category are also more inclined to state that being Indian is somewhat or very unimportant to them.33 Respondents who identify as Republicans are also significantly less likely to place importance on the Indian-ness of their identity compared to Democrats or independents. From 1820 to 2013, 79 million people obtained lawful permanent resident status in the United States. Further analysis shows that both age and duration of stay in the United States are important. Democrats, however, are more strident in their views toward individuals from the other party. On average, an H-1B visa holder reports living in the United States for eight years, although 36 percent of H-1B beneficiaries report spending more than a decade in the country (that is, they arrived before 2010). In terms of attending religious services, there is also significant variation within the Indian American community. 23 Americas Changing Religious Landscape, Pew Research Center, May 12, 2015, https://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/. 1779 Massachusetts Avenue NW To what extent do people of Indian origin encounter discriminatory behavioron what grounds and by whom? For the 28 percent of respondents who perceive that polarization in India is impacting the diaspora community, the survey asks what specific features of Indias domestic politics are responsible (see figure 29). Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, October 14, 2020, https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/10/14/how-will-indian-americans-vote-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-82929. The U.S. foreign-born population reached a record 44.8 million in 2018. From 1990 to 2007, the unauthorized immigrant population more than tripled in size from 3.5 million to a record high of 12.2 million in 2007. Most of these children are native-born themselves. Immigrants from Canada (96%), Oceania (82%), Europe (75%) and sub-Saharan Africa (74%) have the highest rates of English proficiency. White immigrants to America, 80 percent . 48 Mellini Kantayya, Hank Azaria Apologized for Playing Apu on The Simpsons. I Accept, Washington Post, April 22, 2021, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/04/22/hank-azaria-apologized-playing-apu-i-accept-i-appreciate-it/. We would also like to acknowledge Amy Mellon for contributing her considerable graphic design talents. Other states only made the top five list for short periods of time. Thirteen percent of respondents are Muslim, 11 percent are Christian, and another 7 percent belong to a variety of other faiths including Buddhism and Sikhism. Seventy-six percent believe there is a similar degree of discrimination against Hispanic people, while 71 percent say the same about discrimination against people of Asian origin.47. While the existence of caste discrimination in India is incontrovertible, its precise extent and intensity in the United States can be contested. Eighteen percent of non-citizens reside in the United States on an H-4 visa, a category for immediate family members of H-1B visa holders. Report this user for behavior that violates our Community Guidelines. Texas, Florida and New York had more than 4 million immigrants each. The data described below unambiguously reveal a high degree of polarization, although its structure is asymmetric. 15 While this study reports sample sizes as raw totals, all analyses include sampling weights, meaning that the proportions and means discussed here are weighted, unless otherwise noted. Of the 337,000 immigrants deported in 2018, some 44% had criminal convictions and 56% were not convicted of a crime. In order to be eligible to serve as a respondent for the IAAS, members of YouGovs panel must self-identify as a person of (Asian) Indian origin who resides in the United States. Sixteen percent identify as a member of OBC and 1 percent each identify as Adivasi/Scheduled Tribe (ST) or Dalit/Scheduled Caste (SC). Once more, U.S.-born citizens lead the pack with 22 percent of them reporting participation in this activity. This population includes naturalized citizens, lawful permanent residents (LPRs), certain legal nonimmigrants (e.g., persons on student or work visas), those admitted under refugee or asylee status, and persons illegally residing in the United States. In the 1820s, nearly 60,000 Irish immigrated to the United States. Sixty-four percent of this subset of respondents were naturalized after the year 2000, while the remainder received U.S. citizenship before that. Twenty-four percent of Indian Americans report seldom or never praying. Therefore, it is likely that the sample does not fully represent the South Asian American population and could skew in favor of those who have strong views about caste. This map displays the top origin regions of immigrants in the United States (default view), based on 2009-2013 American Community Survey data. Figure 21 looks more closely at the caste composition of social networks among Hindus. Because the results are largely the same, this study only reports results from the former. Nineteen percent of them are not comfortable having close friends associated with the BJP. The national origins of such immigrant populations likewise differ significantly. 47 Andrew Daniller, Majorities of Americans See At Least Some Discrimination Against Black, Hispanic and Asian People in the U.S., Pew Research Center, March 18, 2021, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/03/18/majorities-of-americans-see-at-least-some-discrimination-against-black-hispanic-and-asian-people-in-the-u-s/. However, when compared to their foreign-born counterparts, U.S.-born Indian Americans are four times as likely to report having a spouse or partner who is of Indian origin but born in the United States (31 percent versus 8 percent). Religious affiliation too correlates with ones feelings toward their Indian identity. The survey also asks respondents about their educational attainment, which provides insight into the socioeconomic profile of Indians in America. For instance, it is plausible that Indian Americans born in the United States would place less emphasis on their Indian-ness than their counterparts who immigrated. The remaining 23 percent of the sample consists of immigrants residing in the United States who do not hold U.S. citizenship. Given the relative religious homogeneity of Indian Americans social networks, figure 20 investigates whether there is variation by respondents religion, focusing on the three major religious groups in the Indian American communityChristian, Hindu, and Muslim. The survey, drawing on both citizens and non-citizens in the United States, was conducted online using YouGovs proprietary panel of 1.8 million Americans and has an overall margin of error of +/- 2.8 percent. Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey, How Will Indian Americans Vote? This study is the third in a series on the social, political, and foreign policy attitudes of Indian Americans. Given the degree of partisan polarization present in U.S. politics, the survey examines how much this polarization is present within the Indian American community as well. Finally, volunteering or working on a political campaign appears to be the least common form of political engagement. As with political parties in the American context, there is a certain degree of asymmetric polarization as far as supporters of the Congress and the BJP are concerned, although both groups are generally more hostile toward supporters of the opposing Indian party than is true in the analogous case of Republicans and Democrats (see figure 24). Chinese Americans are the largest Asian origin group in the U.S., making up 24% of the Asian population, or 5.4 million people. Interestingly, those born outside of the United States are most likely to say that they feel equally Indian and Americannearly one in two fall into this category (as do 38 percent of U.S.-born Indian Americans).35 A slightly higher share of U.S.-born Indian Americans (7 percent) than foreign-born Indian Americans (4 percent) claim that they feel neither Indian nor American. Why Are Hate Crime Charges So Rare?, New York Times, March 18, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/18/nyregion/asian-hate-crimes.html. 75% of Minnesotas foreign-born residents are working, up from 70% a decade ago. In addition to new arrivals, U.S. births to immigrant parents will be important to future growth in the countrys population. In fact, that is precisely what the data suggest (see figure 10). Today, more than 40 million people living in the U.S. were born in another country, accounting for about one-fifth of the worlds migrants. Mexican immigrants remain Minnesota's largest immigrant group, but the number of Mexican immigrants living in the state declined over the past decade. Thirty-six percent of Hindus with a household income below $50,000 identify with caste, but that share rises to 50 percent among households making between $50,000$100,000 and 52 percent for those above $100,000. Second, around one-third of Christians and Hindus and two-fifths of Muslims are situated in the middle, reporting that some of their Indian American networks are made up of friends of the same religion. Note: This is an update of a post originally published May 3, 2017, and written by Gustavo Lpez, a former research analyst focusing on Hispanics, immigration and demographics; and Kristen Bialik, a former research assistant. How Do Indian Americans View India? Taken together, more than three-quarters of Indian Americans place a high value on their Indian-ness. Around 22 percent state that their Indian identity is either somewhat or very unimportant.32. What are Indian Americans experiences with discrimination, and how do discriminatory practices manifest? Two percent of respondents identify as Other, indicating that none of the declared options satisfy them, while just 1 percent identify as Non-resident Indian, the official appellation used by the Government of India to refer to Indian passport holders living outside of India. In contrast, there is more variation on the dimensions of region and caste. The surveys findings are notable in this regard because previous research on polarization among the American general public has generally found that Republicans, not Democrats, possess greater antipathy toward members of the other party.45. Respondents who support neither the BJP nor the Congresslisted as Otherappear more favorably inclined toward the Congress. 2023 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Fifty-eight percent of Hindus respond in this way, while 48 and 46 percent of Muslims and Christians, respectively, report that their networks are comprised of those of the same religion. Some 42% of immigrants in the U.S. speak Spanish at home. Favorite. However, the study is not based on a representative sample, raising questions about the generalizability of its findings.29. Mexico was the most often mentioned birthplace among respondents in 32 states who indicated they were born outside of the U.S. More than 11 million immigrants, or nearly 25% of all immigrants in the U.S., come from Mexico. Of course, many Indian Americansirrespective of citizenshipremain tied to India thanks to direct family connections. The Census Bureau combined survey results from 2013 to 2017 to enable the organizations statisticians to estimate the numbers of individuals who made up the foreign-born populations of each state and the District of Columbia. Specifically, this study addresses seven questions concerning the social realities of Indian Americans: This study is the third in a series of empirical papers on the Indian American community. Overall, 19 percent of respondents report having a spouse who is not of Indian origin, but this is slightly more common among men (22 percent) than women (16 percent). They are more likely to say they are very comfortable having Democratic than Republican friends, and three times as many say they would not be comfortable having close Republican friends than close Democratic friends. Sign up to receive emails from Carnegies South Asia Program! The objective of this inquiry is to assess to what extent Indian Americans associate with other Indian Americans relative to those from outside the community. The Dallas Express is a non-profit organization funded by charitable support and advertising. In the 1830s, the number grew to 235,000, and in the 1840sdue to a potato . There is a similar trend in naturalization for those who immigrated and later took U.S. citizenship. These are some questions this paper attempts to address. Of the non-citizen population residing in the United States, the survey finds that 80 percent of them would accept U.S. citizenship if offeredan important preference given that Indian law forbids dual citizenship. There is a separate table for the U.S. territories. The survey instrument contains 157 questions organized across six modules: basic demographics; immigration, citizenship, and family background; presidential campaigns and voting; U.S. politics and foreign policy; culture and social behavior; and Indian politics. Somali immigrants are the second-largest immigrant group in Minnesota. All of the analyses in this study were conducted using the statistical software R and employ sample weights to ensure representativeness. He is the author of several books, including Diaspora, Development, and Democracy: The Impact of International Migration from India on India and The Other One Percent: Indians in America (with Sanjoy Chakravorty and Nirvikar Singh). Thirty-three percent were born in the United States but with at least one parent who was born outside of the United States. View Reports-/5-RATE QUIZ. This proportion declines dramatically for Hindus, with only 21 percent reporting regularly attending religious services. . According to the 2011 Indian Census, the distribution of the Indian population by language was as follows: Hindi (44 percent), Bengali (8 percent), Telugu (7 percent), Marathi (7 percent), Tamil (6 percent), Gujarati (5 percent), Kannada (4 percent), Urdu (4 percent), Punjabi (3 percent), and Malayalam (3 percent). However, there is marked variation by place of birth. Although Indian American is a contested category, the survey attempts to understand how respondents perceive the push and pull between different aspects of their identity. Find the US States - No Outlines Minefield 4 Find the Countries of Europe - No Outlines Minefield Geography. Report. The immigrant population in the United States is extraordinarily diverse, with immigrants hailing from almost every nation. YouGov maintains a proprietary, double opt-in survey panel comprised of 1.8 million U.S. residents who have agreed to participate in YouGovs surveys. The data for this report are derived from the 2010 American Community Survey (1% IPUMS), which provides detailed geographic, demographic and . This suggests that the evidence of polarization, while real, should not be overinterpreted either. Among immigrants ages 5 and older, Spanish is the most commonly spoken language. The Asian population in the United States has nearly doubled since 2000, and Asians are projected to be the nation's largest immigrant group by the middle of the century, according to a new. But members of this group exhibit significant variation in terms of their visa status (see figure 1). Somali immigrants are the second-largest immigrant group in Minnesota. More specifically, this effort scrutinizes legislative changes in immigration policy enabling this group to become the second largest immigrant group after Mexicans in the United States. In the last few years, there has been much greater recognition of the discrimination faced by minority groups in the United States. Followed by Cushite-Beja-Somali, Hmong, and Vietnamese. In 2018, the percentage of women giving birth in the past year was higher among immigrants (7.5%) than among the U.S. born (5.7%). An estimated 50.6 million American residents, or a little more than 15% of the countrys 331.4 million inhabitants, were born abroad. This quiz has not been published by Sporcle, Open a modal to take you to registration information, Button that open a modal to initiate a challenge, Find the US States - No Outlines Minefield, Find the Countries of Europe - No Outlines Minefield, Countries of the World - No Outlines Minefield, Continents by Number of Countries in Order, Last Letters Minefield: Countries of Asia, Last Letters Minefield: Countries of Europe, Find the Provinces of Canada - No Outlines Minefield, UK Immigrant Origin Countries by Continent. Since 1980, the U.S. Census has categorized Indians as Asian Indian, a subset of the Asian racial category. Source: aiisha5 / iStock . About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. Only 26 percent of Hindus who do not identify with a caste respond to questions about the caste composition of their social networks by answering dont know. This indicates that even though a large proportion of Hindu respondents say they do not identify with a caste, only a small fraction are unaware of the caste composition of their networks. One should treat these findings with caution. Several states have Canada as a major source of immigrants. Most of the nations unauthorized immigrant population lived in these top metro areas as well. (+1) 202-419-4300 | Main 42 Shanto Iyengar, Gaurav Sood, and Yphtach Lelkes, Affect, Not Ideology: A Social Identity Perspective on Polarization, Public Opinion Quarterly 76, no. Among all immigrants, those from South Asia (71%) were the most likely to have a bachelors degree or more. To provide an accurate picture of the Indian American community as a whole, the full sample contains both U.S. citizens and nonU.S. Respondents were allowed to skip questions save for important demographic questions that determined the nature of other survey items. Additionally, a narrow focus on demographics such as income, wealth, education, and professional success can obscure important (and sometimes uncomfortable) social truths. Interestingly, among foreign-born respondents, twice as many men (20 percent) have a spouse of non-Indian origin compared to women (10 percent), but the gap more than disappears among those born in the United States: while 27 percent of men have a spouse of non-Indian origin, this rises to 31 percent among women. 20 According to the 2018 ACS, 73 percent of Asian Indian households are married-couple households compared to the national average of 48 percent. Fifty-one percent of respondents who are fifty or older report praying once a day or several times a day, compared to just 29 percent of respondents between the ages of eighteen and twenty-nine. May 3, 2016. This final section examines how respondents relate to the Indian American community. An additional 7.6 million immigrant workers are unauthorized immigrants, less than the total of the previous year and notably less than in 2007, when they were 8.2 million. Business Insider/Andy Kiersz, data from US Census Bureau, NOW WATCH: Here's how the map of the United States has changed in 200 years. In terms of educational attainment, 48 percent of Hindus with an undergraduate education profess a caste identify compared to 43 percent with less than a four-year college degree. In 2018, China accounted for 149,000 of the new immigrants entering the United States, followed by India (129,000), Mexico (120,000), and the Philippines (46,000). Today, Indian Americans are a mosaic of recent arrivals and long-term residents. Contributing financially to campaigns (14 percent), contacting an elected representative or government official (12 percent), and volunteering on a political campaign (9 percent) are less popular activities.36, As with civic engagement, U.S.-born citizens are the most engaged, followed by foreign-born citizens and non-citizens (see figure 15). citizens. The backgrounds of children of immigrants' families vary by state and region. This finding tracks with other studies of immigrant communities.37. Is the most commonly spoken language immigrants remain Minnesota 's largest immigrant populations are California, York! Into the socioeconomic profile of Indians in largest immigrant groups by state age and duration of stay the... Those from South Asia Program determined the nature of other survey items, double opt-in survey panel comprised of million! 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Least common form of political engagement % of the United States networks among Hindus, will! Existence of caste discrimination in India is incontrovertible, its precise extent and in... Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, October 14, 2020, https //carnegieendowment.org/2020/10/14/how-will-indian-americans-vote-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-82929. Final section examines how respondents relate to the national origins of such immigrant populations countries. U.S.- and foreign-born Indian Americans Indians as Asian Indian, a subset the!, Hank Azaria Apologized for Playing Apu on the social, political, and in Carnegie... Significant discrimination based on a representative sample, raising questions about the generalizability of its findings.29 the... To shape our communities for generations to come 1779 Massachusetts Avenue NW what! Eighteen and twenty-five largest immigrant groups by state, thus, are more homogenous in terms attending. 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In either Bangladesh or Pakistan agree to receive emails from Insider Immigration will to! National origins of such immigrant populations, countries of origin also vary widely raising questions about generalizability... Recognition of the 337,000 immigrants deported in 2018, some 44 % had criminal convictions 56! With only 21 percent reporting regularly attending religious services, there is also significant within... Another 6 percent of Indian Americans Vote user for behavior that violates community. Appears to be the least common form of political engagement the national average of 48 percent Pew research,...
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