advantages and disadvantages of the 1988 education reform actadvantages and disadvantages of the 1988 education reform act

/Resources << >> >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] << /Font << /GS0 125 0 R Did the schools market deliver?, which looks back at the 30 years since the passage of the 1988 act. /TT1 121 0 R 71 0 obj /Prev 308 0 R >> /Type /Pages /Font << For more information, please visit our Permissions help page. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> Gerbil - the great education reform bill, as it was known before . >> /GS0 125 0 R /Contents 220 0 R /Properties << /ExtGState << >> The act introduced GCSEs and league tables and laid the foundations for our contemporary competitive education system. >> However, no matter the intention, there are disadvantages of inclusive education as well. /TT2 226 0 R >> >> Freedom of choice. /Type /Page /Type /Pages /TT0 120 0 R /TT1 121 0 R /Properties << New education providers, in the form of academy trusts, are a reality in most communities. 31 0 obj /MC0 129 0 R /Font << >> /Contents 244 0 R >> << >> The Obama administration would like to provide national education standards that all states would be required to follow, according to a report on VOANews.com.These national standards would offer continuity in education throughout the country and help students compete more effectively in a global economy, according to proponents of . Students might also be interested in this summary of all education policies (up to 2010). /Font << /TT0 120 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] List of the Pros of Federal Involvement in Education. << endobj /GS0 125 0 R endobj /Parent 12 0 R /Font << /MC0 129 0 R 0000006904 00000 n /Rotate 0 The benefits of inclusion are many. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /GS0 125 0 R /Count 10 /StructParents 57 /GS0 125 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> /Type /Pages /Type /Page /GS0 125 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Rotate 0 /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] endobj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> /TT1 121 0 R /ExtGState << Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. Finally, the principle of competition has been applied internationally, in the form of the PISA league tables. /MC0 129 0 R /StructParents 4 /StructParents 84 /GS0 125 0 R 38 0 obj because classrooms contain students of all abilities, brighter pupils are held-back as the weaker learners catch-up, a problem critics says grammar schools don't have. Education Reform Act (Pardini, 2005). /Font << /TT0 120 0 R >> /Parent 14 0 R /MC0 129 0 R 79 0 obj /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /ExtGState << And while many more young people are staying on to higher level qualifications than 30 years ago, and gaps in attainment by social group are starting to narrow, around 11% of 16- 24-year-olds are still not in employment, education or training. /MarkedPDF << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Type /Page 52 0 obj 82 0 obj /GS0 125 0 R /ExtGState << endobj /TT0 120 0 R /Properties << /TT3 226 0 R >> As a result, the basic structure of our standing education system was instituted. >> /Properties << /MC0 129 0 R >> /Resources << >> /ExtGState << /Properties << /Type /Page 12 0 obj /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Title /MC0 129 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] Those who passed the 11+ could go to grammar schools and the rest would settle on secondary moderns. /TT0 120 0 R endobj 46 0 obj But that would require great political leadership now, says Gary Phillips. /TT0 120 0 R Teachers must present materials in different ways so that all of the students with different learning styles can understand the material. /GS0 125 0 R /TT0 120 0 R >> /MC0 129 0 R /TT1 226 0 R 67 0 obj /TT2 121 0 R The New Right believed that state schools should also be run like this except that it is the government that funds the schools, not the fee-paying parents. /Font << /MC0 129 0 R >> Societies benefit as well. >> /MarkInfo << /Resources << /Rotate 0 Like Tony Blair 60 years later, the authors of the 1944 Act - this time definitely including Butler - took the view that religious education was a public good, whose responsibility should be shared between state-run and religious schools, and they legislated an unevenly balanced 'dual system' to accommodate it, apparently indefinitely. /Font << /Resources << /Parent 19 0 R >> 85 0 obj Private schools have always operated on these principles they charge fees and compete with each other for customers. /Rotate 0 /Properties << /Type /Page 81 0 obj /GS0 125 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /Type /OCG /TT2 226 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] 57 34 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Kids [82 0 R 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R 91 0 R] *SJj4Tf >> /C2_0 292 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /LastModified (D:20040616154335) /Type /Page /TT1 121 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Type /Pages /Parent 12 0 R /Font << /Properties << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 3 0 R 1944 Education Act and 1988 Education Reform Act. % /StructParents 36 /TT1 226 0 R /TT2 226 0 R 115 0 obj /GS0 125 0 R >> << This is achieved through making schools compete with one another for pupils and government funding, in the same way in which businesses compete with each other for customers, sales and profits. /ExtGState << /Rotate 0 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Font << /TT1 226 0 R /Rotate 0 /OCGs [7 0 R] /MC0 129 0 R >> I agree with that. /Font << The Office for Standards in Education (Ofsted) was formed under the Education (Schools) Act 1992, as part of the major overhaul and centralisation of the school system begun by the Education Reform Act 1988, which introduced the National Curriculum, extensive testing in schools and the publication of league tables. advantages through choice policies' (1995, p. 21). /TT1 121 0 R 0000035523 00000 n Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.. Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations. Twenty years after the introduction of the 1988 Education Reform Act (ERA), BELMAS (British Educational Leadership, Management & Administration Society) held a discussion forum for academics, teachers and all those interested in education policy and practice. /GS0 125 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /ExtGState << /Type /Page /GS0 125 0 R 2. /Properties << >> /GS0 125 0 R Appointed President of the Board of Education in 1941, Richard 'Rab' Butler passed an Education Act in 1944, promising 'Secondary Education for All'. >> >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Resources << endobj /Contents 301 0 R /StructParents 11 >> /TT1 226 0 R >> /Parent 14 0 R Three decades later, the tools of that market performance measures and inspection reports are a fact of life. /Contents 285 0 R >> /GS0 125 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /StructParents 37 /ExtGState << /GS0 125 0 R /Contents 281 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] endobj /TT1 226 0 R /TT2 226 0 R >> >> /Rotate 0 /Rotate 0 /GS0 125 0 R << The biggest of these changes were the 'marketisation' of education and the introduction of the 'new vocationalism', which . /MC0 129 0 R According to the results, the 1988 Education Reform Act has had a strong impact on teaching in the British primary schools. /MC0 129 0 R /Type /Page >> /TT2 121 0 R /RBGroups [] /MC0 129 0 R /Resources << /Rotate 0 /Font << /Parent 12 0 R 77 0 obj endobj /Font << /Resources << 27 0 obj /TT0 120 0 R /Type /Page More accountability provided a great opportunity for my generation of school leaders to prove ourselves and the national curriculum was right because it reduced inequality, even if it has been undermined by academy freedoms. >> The New Rights 1988 Education Reform Act put in place the policies which aimed to achieve the goal of raising standards. >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] They might in fact give extra money (in per pupil terms) to schools which were struggling to attract students in order to help them improve. 28. >> /Font << /Resources << Source: DAR Studies find that benefits such as improved . >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] endobj 0000000016 00000 n /Contents 238 0 R /Properties << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Type /Metadata This increased parental choice created what is known as a parentocracy , which refers to the idea that parents are ultimately in control of their child's schooling. /Type /Page /Resources << 0000001418 00000 n /GS0 125 0 R /Type /Page /Type /Page /StructParents 10 /TT2 159 0 R /GS0 125 0 R >> >> /GS0 125 0 R /Contents 288 0 R /Properties << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Resources << /TT0 120 0 R /TT1 121 0 R /Resources << endobj >> /TT0 120 0 R >> /ExtGState << >> >> /Contents 266 0 R /Kids [52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R] /StructParents 75 /Contents 295 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Font << /GS0 125 0 R >> /Type /Pages >> /MC0 129 0 R >> Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: School of Education, Boston College , Chestnut Hill , MA 02167 , USA, /doi/epdf/10.1080/0969594970040207?needAccess=true, Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing & Allied Health. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Rotate 0 /Title /LastModified (D:20040616154335) >> /CreatorInfo << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Parent 12 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /ExtGState << >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> /GS0 125 0 R /Type /Pages /MC0 129 0 R /StructParents 86 /Resources << 0000033023 00000 n /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /StructParents 31 The national curriculum required that all schools teach the same subject content from the age of 7-16. >> /MC0 129 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] 18 0 obj /Properties << /TT3 159 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /F3 122 0 R >> << /GS0 125 0 R >> >> Theres also the fact that no successive government has actually changed the fundamental foundations of the act, which suggests its working. 55 0 obj /Count 10 /GS0 125 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /GS0 125 0 R /Resources << The chains have over-expanded and it often becomes more about the preservation of the trust than about the pupils. /TT3 121 0 R /Parent 14 0 R /Prev 18 0 R It is the most significant policy that students need to be able to understand and evaluate within the education module for A-level sociology. >> >> >> 806 8067 22, Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE, WJEC AS Sociology - Education Policies Notes, [AQA] Unit 2 Sociology - Education: The Reform Act 1988, AQA Sociology Unit 2 Education and Research Methods Forum , How many names + dates should I learn for Sociology AS (AQA)? How do I view content? NAFTA has six main advantages, according to a Congressional Research Service report prepared in 2017. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] 11 0 obj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] 108 0 obj /Font << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /ExtGState << >> >> /GS0 125 0 R 0000004490 00000 n /Properties << /Type /Page /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /MC0 129 0 R /Properties << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /TT0 120 0 R /StructParents 61 /Font << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Resources << /Parent 9 0 R /Contents 265 0 R endobj /MC0 129 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] The 1988 Education Reform Act was based on the principles of making schools more competitive (marketisation) and giving parents choice (parentocracy). << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Properties << << >> /TT0 120 0 R /StructParents 50 /Count 10 >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Parent 12 0 R /TT0 120 0 R endobj /Contents 246 0 R /ExtGState << /Kids [72 0 R 73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R 77 0 R 78 0 R 79 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R] /MC0 129 0 R >> << As the marketplace stabilized, some companies returned, and others continue to expand . Meanwhile, there is growing concern about the unintended consequences of high-stakes accountability; off rolling pupils less likely to succeed, teaching to the test, manipulation of the curriculum and small but significant number of orphan schools that none of the new edu-providers want. 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine. Education Reform Act 1988 (ERA88) onwards, we measured changes over time in the tendency for pupils with particular socio-economic characteristics to cluster in particular schools (termed segregation). >> >> >> /StructParents 1 >> 63 0 obj /Last 114 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] Parental choice directly affects the school budget every extra pupil means extra money for the school. /Contents 262 0 R >> advantages claimed for this legislation (that is, the values underpinning the National Curriculum). /Parent 10 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Contents 256 0 R /TT1 226 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /MC0 129 0 R /TT1 226 0 R >> /Parent 11 0 R /Properties << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] endobj /ExtGState << 0000001551 00000 n /GS0 125 0 R >> /Parent 16 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] << ERIC is an online library of education research and information, sponsored by the Institute of Education Sciences (IES) of the U.S. Department of Education. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] << /ExtGState << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Rotate 0 /TT0 120 0 R Proposing abolition of fees, maintenance grants and division of primary and secondary schools, this legislation was opposed by the Church of England and Roman Catholic communities, which feared loss of control to Local Education Authorities (LEAs). 15 0 obj /GS0 125 0 R /Type /Page << >> /MC0 129 0 R Competition & choice - Advantages-Gives parents a choice - Encourages schools to compete and raise standards - The more pupils, the more funding given to the school (FORMULA FUNDING) Disadvantages - Not all parents have choice (BALL) - The best schools are over-subscribed. /Contents 284 0 R /Properties << >> 0000029468 00000 n /StructParents 81 >> /Parent 17 0 R /StructParents 34 endobj >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] Societies with high rates of education completion have lower crime, better overall health, and civic involvement. /TT0 120 0 R endobj >> /TT0 120 0 R /TT1 226 0 R But performance measures (such as the new Progress 8) have now become impenetrable to most parents so may not even be helpful for exercising choice. /GS0 125 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] The aim of this policy is to raise standards. /Font << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /TT1 231 0 R >> 1 0 obj /Kids [92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R 101 0 R] 0000002452 00000 n /TT0 120 0 R << Several interviewees described a situation in which the government is attempting to oversee thousands of academies, through a muddle of local authorities, school chains, regional commissioners and the Education Funding Agency, as the wild west. << /Properties << >> /StructParents 6 The advantages and disadvantages of education although seemingly quite clear can be explored to quite a detailed level. /TT1 121 0 R << %PDF-1.4 Lowering taxation and reducing government spending. /GS0 125 0 R endobj >> /ExtGState << << Schools see middle class students as easy to teach and likely to perform well. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /GS0 125 0 R /Properties << Probably the strongest piece of supporting evidence for the New Rights policies on education is that they have worked to improve GCSE results nearly every year for the last 30 years. /Parent 11 0 R /StructParents 77 He is more guarded about the overall success of the market experiment: I would give it six out of 10. endobj /Font << This benefits special education students and general education students alike. /GS0 125 0 R /Contents 268 0 R From 1980 parents were allowed to express a preference for the school they wanted to send their children too, the first time parents were realistically able to consider sending their children to schools miles away from where they lived. /TT1 226 0 R /TT0 120 0 R >> /StructParents 64 /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 9 0 R 69 0 obj >> /Properties << /Rotate 0 /Type /Page /Parent 16 0 R << << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> /Contents 230 0 R endobj /Parent 3 0 R /TT1 121 0 R 60 0 obj /MC0 129 0 R /Contents 233 0 R endobj >> /MC0 129 0 R /TT0 120 0 R The better performing schools will attract more pupils and more funding and be able to expand. endobj /Parent 15 0 R /TT1 121 0 R /Font << >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Properties << Both brought with them changes that are . >> << >> >> << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /ExtGState << /Type /Page /Parent 14 0 R /Resources << /Properties << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /ExtGState << 9 0 obj /Properties << /MC0 129 0 R >> /Rotate 0 >> /MC0 129 0 R /TT2 231 0 R The 1988 Education Reform Act introduced a National Curriculum, which was a return to traditional subjects similar to the old Grammar school Model. /Properties << >> /Font << /PieceInfo << 51 0 obj /MC0 129 0 R By Cyril John Barlongo. /TT0 120 0 R /Properties << The Education Reform Act is then explored with reference to the revised correspondence principle. 1965-1980: Promoting Equity in Access to Educational Opportunities 1981-1988: The Push for Educational Excellence 1989-1992: The Rise of Standards-Based Reform >> endobj /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /MC0 129 0 R It firmly placed education in the marketplace, a process that began in the early 1980s under Mrs Margaret . Popular schools havent expanded to accommodate all comers, as pure market advocates predicted, and failing schools have proved hard to close down. The 1988 reform act led to league tables and the schools market - plus back-door selection and even corruption. The Education Reform Act of 1988 kickstarted the marketisation of education by applying market forces to education, promoting competition, and increasing parental choice. << >> /TT1 226 0 R endobj /Resources << /Properties << /Properties << And Phillipss school, Lilian Baylis Technology School, in Lambeth, south London, would appear to exemplify the benefits of this approach to public services. >> >> /StructParents 26 >> /Parent 11 0 R /Parent 15 0 R Restructuring the Philippines's basic educational system through the K to 12 Program is a tough but . endobj /Parent 9 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /GS0 125 0 R << >> Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below: If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. /TT1 121 0 R This means that these schools can, Building on the above example The next best school then skims off the next best students and so on until the worst schools at the bottom just end up with the pupils who no one wants. >> /ExtGState << The view that the 1988 Education Reform Act is influential in terms of controlling and progressing schools further could be seen as decisive, one reason being it could be a means of achieving control of the curriculum and the assessment, enabling them to progress and monitor there spending control, as well as the rise in the standards of school in terms of the competition and choice. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] << /MC0 129 0 R /Font << /TT0 120 0 R /Resources << endobj << >> >> Educational disadvantage is demonstrated in many ways, most often in poor levels of participation and achievement in the . >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /TT2 121 0 R >> 0000002006 00000 n Several studies have shown that the improvements in the quality of education will increase GDP growth . This post has primarily been written forstudents of A-level sociology who are studying the education module in their first year. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] The main impact of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 is in establishing a Supreme Court as the highest appeal court. /ExtGState << The advantages and disadvantages of the above mentioned land reforms are as follows: Abolition of intermediaries: The abolition of intermediaries has led to the end of a parasite class. >> /StructTreeRoot null >> /MC0 129 0 R 0000003916 00000 n /Font << >> >> >> Specifically, it highlights the complexity of the development and 'implementation' of the National Curriculum for Physical Education (NCPE) and addresses the issues of . /Properties << >> /Resources << /TT1 226 0 R >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] In that situation, the children of the poor are most likely to suffer.. << >> People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.. /Next 114 0 R >> /ExtGState << The Affordable Care Act has garnered a lot of debate since its implementation in 2010.The market continues to change as the healthcare reform debate continues. /Resources << /TT1 121 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> >> /Type /Page /TT1 121 0 R /Type /Pages << Following ARE THE Advantaged and Disadvantaged of New Education Policy 2020. /Rotate 0 /StructParents 42 /Type /Page /TT1 121 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> /StructParents 21 /Parent 2 0 R /ExtGState << 3 0 obj >> /TT0 120 0 R >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Parent 11 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /StructParents 44 /Parent 17 0 R endobj /TT3 159 0 R >> << 57 0 obj >> The Education Reform Act ( 1988) (ERA) sets education within the context of the spiritual, moral, cultural, mental and physical development of pupils and of society. /Rotate 0 /Font << /GS0 125 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /Parent 11 0 R /TT0 120 0 R love it! /Resources << >> Situated in one of the most deprived parts of the country, it was propelled into the national headlines when the former cabinet minister and local parent Oliver Letwin proclaimed at a Tory party conference fringe meeting that he would rather beg on the streets than send his children to the school closest to where he lived. /Resources << /ExtGState << /TT2 226 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> /TT1 121 0 R 213 0 R 214 0 R 215 0 R 216 0 R 217 0 R 218 0 R] /Parent 17 0 R /Type /Page /Dest [24 0 R /XYZ 0 771 null] /Font << /Font << /TT0 120 0 R >> 0000005855 00000 n The Education Act 1998 defines educational disadvantage as "the impediments to education arising from social or economic disadvantage which prevent students from deriving appropriate benefit from education in schools". There are too many bad case studies, often academy chains, being passed around and places where people dont want to work.. /Contents 234 0 R The education reform movement as we have known it is over. << /Type /Page /Resources << 90 0 obj /ExtGState << Education Reform Act 1988. /TT2 121 0 R Federal involvement would eliminate the inconsistencies in the system. 0000017863 00000 n endobj /CropBox [0 0 595 842] endobj /Properties << /Properties << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 9 0 R >> 105 0 obj The New Right: Underlying Principles. . /Type /Catalog /Contents 291 0 R >> /Rotate 0 5 0 obj endobj /MC0 129 0 R /GS0 125 0 R >> >> >> >> the 1988 Education Reform Act. /Rotate 0 Just a note: pretty sure Ofsted was formed under the Education (Schools) Act in 1992 so technically not included in the ERA in 1988. so helpful for my sociology revision! endobj /Resources << By 3 August 1944 the . [29th July 1988] BE IT ENACTED by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:- . /MC0 129 0 R >> 35 0 obj /CropBox [0 0 595 842] endobj 93 0 obj The League Tables give no indication of the wider social good a school is doing beyond getting students results. The Bill was back on track but women teachers had to wait until 29 December 1975, when the Equal Pay Act 1970 came into force, to be paid the same as their male equivalents. /GS0 125 0 R The tripartite system, for example, introduced secondary schooling for all students in 1944. The tripartite system of secondary education, implemented in the 1944 Act, offered three types of education after the age of 11: grammar schools for the most able, /MC0 129 0 R endobj << /Next 307 0 R << /Length 3936 /Rotate 0 /Font << /TT0 120 0 R Not all students learn at the same pace or have the same skills mastered, particularly those with learning disabilities. << /Parent 10 0 R /Contents 287 0 R >> It would be premature to make judgements about the advantages and disadvantages of introducing neoliberal practices into education without giving serious consideration to the perceived benefits of this approach. Coleman (1992), however, /TT0 120 0 R /Contents 249 0 R /Font << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] The introduction of free market principles into more areas of social life traditionally paid for by taxation (such as education and the health services). >> >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT0 120 0 R /ExtGState << /Rotate 0 >> /Rotate 0 Stories of poor financial management, even corrupt practices, in the independent state school sector persist. << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Parent 9 0 R >> /Title >> The ERA - known as the Butler Act - celebrated 30 years of being on the statute books in July 2018. 114 0 obj /Resources << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /StructParents 63 /Contents 158 0 R The education received throughout a childhood determines how the future will be for the new generation. >> /Rotate 0 /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /TT0 120 0 R /Font << /Parent 16 0 R >> /Type /Page << /Properties << education, discipline that is concerned with methods of teaching and learning in schools or school-like environments as opposed to various nonformal and informal means of socialization (e.g., rural development projects and education through parent-child relationships). 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